1	Spinal Trauma Test Review
2	Question What sex and age group is most susceptible to spinal cord injuries?
3	Answer Male 16 – 30 years old
4	Question What MOI is the leading cause of spinal injuries in this country?
5	Answer Auto and other vehicle crashes (48%)
6	Question What is the term used to describe permanent spinal cord injury affecting the body’s control over the lower extremities?
7	Answer Paraplegia
8	Question What is the term used to describe permanent spinal cord injury affecting the body’s control over both the upper and the lower extremities?
9	Answer Quadriplegia
10	Question What is the term used to describe permanent spinal cord injury affecting three of the four extremities?
11	Answer Triplegia
12	Question How many irregular bones form the vertebral column?
13	Answer 33
14	Question What is the major weight-bearing component of a vertebra?
15	Answer Vertebral Body
16	Question Which segment of the vertebral column would have the largest vertebral body?
17	Answer Lumbar
18	Question What are the common names of C-1 and C-2 vertebra?
19	Answer C-1: Atlas C-2: Axis
20	Question True or False The atlas and axis have large vertebral bodies to support the weight of the head.
21	Answer False The atlas and axis do not have vertebral bodies at all.
22	Question What are the thick, bony structures that connects the vertebral body to the transverse process of a vertebra called?
23	Answer Pedicles
24	Question What are the posterior bones of a vertebra called which help make up the foramen of the spinal canal?
25	Answer Laminae
26	Question What is the boney outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachment and articulation with the ribs called?
27	Answer Transverse process
28	Question What are the functions of the intervertebral disks?
29	Answer Accommodate motion of the adjacent vertebra Limit bone wear Absorb shock
30	Question What encapsulates the spinous process and stabilizes the column against excessive lateral bending, rotation, and flexion?
31	Answer Interspinous (anterior & posterior) ligaments
32	Question Who many bones make up the cervical spine?
33	Answer 7 (C-1 to C-7)
34	Question How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?
35	Answer 8 (C-1 to C-8)
36	Question Where do the first pair of spinal nerves (C-1)exit the spinal column?
37	Answer Between the cranium and C-1
38	Question What section of the spine protects the urinary and reproductive organs?
39	Answer Sacral spine
40	Question What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
41	Answer Transport and exchange nutrients and waste Absorbs shock of sudden movements Protects the central nervous system
42	Question Where can CSF be found in the spinal column?
43	Answer Subarachnoid space
44	Question What portion of the neuron comprises most of the gray matter of the CNS?
45	Answer Cell bodies and dendrites
46	Question What portion of the neuron comprises most of the white matter of the CNS?
47	Answer Axons
48	Question What type of matter processes most of the reflexes associated with the CNS?
49	Answer Gray matter
50	Question At what level in the spinal column is the cauda equina found?
51	Answer Approximately L-1 to L-2
52	Question True or False Ascending tracts are bundles of axons along the spinal cord that transmit signals from the body to the brain.
53	Answer True
54	Question ____________ tracts are bundles of ____________ along the spinal cord that transmit signals from the brain to the body.
55	Answer Descending / Axons
56	Question What is the origin of the cervical plexus?
57	Answer Cervical spine nerves C-1 to C-5
58	Question What is the origins of the brachial plexus, which controls the upper extremeties?
59	Answer Spinal nerves C-5 to T-1
60	Question What is the name of special neurons in the cord that intercept sensory signals and result in a reflex?
61	Answer Interneurons
62	Question What myotomes are associated with plantar flexion?
63	Answer S-1 and S-2
64	Question What myotomes are associated with dorsiflexion?
65	Answer L-5
66	Question What MOI rarely results in instability of the vertebral column, but leads to secondary spinal cord edema because of tissue destruction?
67	Answer Penetrating trauma
68	Question Frontal impact MVA’s often result in a “kiss the chest” injury to restrained drives. What type of extreme of motion injury does this result in?
69	Answer Hyperflexion
70	Question What 2 regions of the spinal column is most susceptible to hyperflexion, hyperextension, and rotational extremes of motion?
71	Answer Cervical and Lumbar
72	Question What is the primary management goal for a patient with a suspected spinal cord injury?
73	Answer Manual spinal immobilization followed with mechanical immobilization
74	Question True or False Axial loading injuries occur because of lateral stress on the spinal column.
75	Answer False Compressional stress results in axial loading
76	Question What is the opposite of axial loading stress?
77	Answer Distraction
78	Question Give at least one example of an MOI possibly resulting in a distraction fracture?
79	Answer Hangings Bungee jumping
80	Question True or False Electrocutions may result in spinal injury
81	Answer True
82	Question What is a temporary or transient disruption of cord function, which normally does NOT result in residual deficits?
83	Answer Cord Concussion
84	Question What is simply spinal cord bruising associated with some tissue damage, vascular leakage, and swelling which generally repairs itself and does not result in residual effects?
85	Answer Cord Contusion
86	Question What type of cord injury results secondary to displacement of a vertebra through herniation of an intervetebral disk, bone fragment, or swelling of adjacent tissues?
87	Answer Cord Compression
88	Question What is the result of a bony fragment being driven into the vertebral foramen or the cord is stretched to the point of tearing?
89	Answer Cord Laceration
90	Question What type of cord injury will result in ischemic injury above the level of physical injury and produces injury by disruption of blood flow, accumulation of pressure, and irritation because of blood passing across the blood brain barrier?
91	Answer Cord Hemorrhage
92	Question What is the type of injury that partially or completely severs the spinal cord and impairs nerve impulses from traveling below the injury site?
93	Answer Cord Transection
94	Question Name the three types of incomplete spinal cord transections?
95	Answer Anterior cord syndrome Central cord syndrome Brown-Sequard syndrome
96	Question Which of the three incomplete cord transection injuries has the best prognosis?
97	Answer Central cord syndrome
98	Question Which of the three incomplete cord transection injuries is usually caused by a penetrating injury to one side of the cord?
99	Answer Brown-Sequard syndrome
100	Question Which of the three incomplete cord transection injuries results in ipsilateral loss of motor and sensory function and contralateral loss of pain and temperature perception?
101	Answer Brown-Sequard Syndrome
102	Question Which of the three incomplete cord transection injuries results to patients with preexisting conditions and causes upper extremity motor weakness?
103	Answer Central Cord Syndrome
104	Question Which of the three incomplete cord transection injuries results from bony fragments or pressure compressing the arteries that perfuse the spinal cord?
105	Answer Anterior Cord Syndrome
106	Question Which of the three incomplete cord transection injuries results in loss of motor function and sensation to pain, light touch, and temperature below the injury sight?
107	Answer Anterior Cord Syndrome
108	Question What best defines a TEMPORARY insult to the cord that affects the body below the level of the injury?
109	Answer Spinal shock
110	Question What are the signs and symptoms of spinal shock?
111	Answer Flaccid without feeling below injury Flaccid Paralysis below injury Loss of bowl and/or bladder Priapism Body unable to regulate temperature Hypotension
112	Question What are the signs and symptoms of neurogenic (spinal-vascular) shock?
113	Answer Pale, moist and cool skin above the injury level Warm, dry, flushed skin below the injury level Relative hypovolemia Decreased preload Slow heart rate Priapism
114	Question True or False Autonomic Hyperreflexia Syndrome begins to occurs after the initial injury as the body begins to adapt to the problems associated with loss of neurological control below the injury.
115	Answer True
116	Question What are the signs and symptoms of Autonomic Hyperreflexia Syndrome?
117	Answer Sudden onset of hypertension Bradycardia Pounding headache Blurred vision Sweating and flushed skin above the injury Occurs most commonly with injuries above T-6
118	Question What is the difference between a nerve root injury and a spinal cord injury?
119	Answer Nerve root injuries affect a single dermatome; spinal cord injury affects multiple dermatomes
120	Question If steroids such as methylprednisolone are used to treat a spinal cord injury, how much should the patient receive?
121	Answer 30mg/kg slow IV push within 8 hours of the injury
122	Question Babinski’s sign is fanning of the toes and dorsiflexion of the great toe is a _______ sign and suggest injury along the _________ tract.
123	Answer Positive / Pyramidal (descending) tract
124	Question SAME DAVE is a pneumonic which stands for:
125	Answer S: Sensory A: Afferent M: Motor E: Efferent D: Dorsal is A: Afferent M: Motor is E: Efferent
126	Question What pharmacological treatment is included for treatment of nuerogenic shock?
127	Answer Oxygen Fluid bolus of 250mL to 1,000mL Repeat bolus if breath sounds are clear Dopamine 2.5 to 20 mcg/kg/min
128	Question When applying mechanical cervical spine immobilization to a pediatric patient, padding is usually required under the _________.
129	Answer Shoulder
130	Question When applying mechanical cervical spine immobilization to a geriatric patient, padding is usually required under the __________.
131	Answer Head
132	Question How many individuals are required to remove a helmet from an individual with a possible head and spine injury?
133	Answer 2
134	Question What is the dose of atropine you should administer to a severely bradycardic patient secondary to a spinal injury?
135	Answer 0.5mg repeat in 2-3 min to a max dose of 2mg